We recommend the following setup for deploying Longhorn in production.

• Minimum Recommended Hardware
• Architecture
• Operating System
• Node and Disk Setup
  • Use a Dedicated Disk
  • Minimal Available Storage and Over-provisioning
  • Disk Space Management
  • Setting up Extra Disks
• Configuring Default Disks Before and After Installation
• Deploying Workloads
• Volume Maintenance
• Guaranteed Instance Manager CPU
• StorageClass
• Scheduling Settings
  • Replica Node Level Soft Anti-Affinity
  • Allow Volume Creation with Degraded Availability

Minimum Recommended Hardware

• 3 nodes
• 4 vCPUs per node
• 4 GiB per node
• SSD/NVMe or similar performance block device on the node for storage (recommended)
• HDD/Spinning Disk or similar performance block device on the node for storage (verified)
  • 500/250 max IOPS per volume (1 MiB I/O)
  • 500/250 max throughput per volume (MiB/s)

Architecture

Longhorn supports the following architectures:

1. AMD64
2. ARM64
3. s390x (experimental)

Operating System

Note: CentOS Linux has been removed from the verified OS list below, as it has been discontinued in favor of CentOS Stream [ref], a rolling-release Linux distribution. Our focus for verifying RHEL-based downstream open source distributions will be enterprise-grade, such as Rocky and Oracle Linux.

The following Linux OS distributions and versions have been verified during the v1.5.5 release testing. However, this does not imply that Longhorn exclusively supports these distributions. Essentially, Longhorn should function well on any certified Kubernetes cluster running on Linux nodes with a wide range of general-purpose operating systems, as well as verified container-optimized operating systems like SLE Micro.

Note: It’s recommended to guarantee that the kernel version is at least 5.8 as there is filesystem optimization/improvement since this version. See this issue for details.

Node and Disk Setup

We recommend the following setup for nodes and disks.

Use a Dedicated Disk

It’s recommended to dedicate a disk for Longhorn storage for production, instead of using the root disk.

Minimal Available Storage and Over-provisioning

If you need to use the root disk, use the default minimal available storage percentage setup which is 25%, and set overprovisioning percentage to 100% to minimize the chance of DiskPressure.

If you’re using a dedicated disk for Longhorn, you can lower the setting minimal available storage percentage to 10%.

For the Over-provisioning percentage, it depends on how much space your volume uses on average. For example, if your workload only uses half of the available volume size, you can set the Over-provisioning percentage to 200, which means Longhorn will consider the disk to have twice the schedulable size as its full size minus the reserved space.

Disk Space Management

Since Longhorn doesn’t currently support sharding between the different disks, we recommend using LVM to aggregate all the disks for Longhorn into a single partition, so it can be easily extended in the future.

Setting up Extra Disks

Any extra disks must be written in the /etc/fstab file to allow automatic mounting after the machine reboots.

Don’t use a symbolic link for the extra disks. Use mount --bind instead of ln -s and make sure it’s in the fstab file. For details, see the section about multiple disk support.

Configuring Default Disks Before and After Installation

To use a directory other than the default /var/lib/longhorn for storage, the Default Data Path setting can be changed before installing the system. For details on changing pre-installation settings, refer to this section.

The Default node/disk configuration feature can be used to customize the default disk after installation. Customizing the default configurations for disks and nodes is useful for scaling the cluster because it eliminates the need to configure Longhorn manually for each new node if the node contains more than one disk, or if the disk configuration is different for new nodes. Remember to enable Create default disk only on labeled node if applicable.

Deploying Workloads

If you’re using ext4 as the filesystem of the volume, we recommend adding a liveness check to workloads to help automatically recover from a network-caused interruption, a node reboot, or a Docker restart. See this section for details.

Volume Maintenance

Using Longhorn’s built-in backup feature is highly recommended. You can save backups to an object store such as S3 or to an NFS server. Saving to an object store is preferable because it generally offers better reliability. Another advantage is that you do not need to mount and unmount the target, which can complicate failover and upgrades.

For each volume, schedule at least one recurring backup. If you must run Longhorn in production without a backupstore, then schedule at least one recurring snapshot for each volume.

Longhorn system will create snapshots automatically when rebuilding a replica. Recurring snapshots or backups can also automatically clean up the system-generated snapshot.

Guaranteed Instance Manager CPU

We recommend setting the CPU request for Longhorn instance manager pods.

The Guaranteed Instance Manager CPU setting allows you to reserve a percentage of a node’s total allocatable CPU for all instance manager pods.

You can also set a specific milli CPU value for instance manager pods on a particular node by updating the node’s Instance Manager CPU Request field.

Note: This field will overwrite the above setting for the specified node.

Refer to Guaranteed Instance Manager CPU for more details.

StorageClass

We don’t recommend modifying the default StorageClass named longhorn, since the change of parameters might cause issues during an upgrade later. If you want to change the parameters set in the StorageClass, you can create a new StorageClass by referring to the StorageClass examples.

Scheduling Settings

Replica Node Level Soft Anti-Affinity

Recommend: false

This setting should be set to false in production environment to ensure the best availability of the volume. Otherwise, one node down event may bring down more than one replicas of a volume.

Allow Volume Creation with Degraded Availability

Recommend: false

This setting should be set to false in production environment to ensure every volume have the best availability when created. Because with the setting set to true, the volume creation won’t error out even there is only enough room to schedule one replica. So there is a risk that the cluster is running out of the spaces but the user won’t be made aware immediately.